WASHINGTON—President Donald Trump signed two executive orders on June 22, setting development goals for the quantum computing industry meant to establish U.S. dominance in the newly developing science and technology field. “Quantum technologies represent the next generation of innovation across computing, sensing, and networking with enormous significance for our country’s economic growth, scientific research, and cybersecurity,” Trump said. “It’s really a big deal, what we’re doing today.” An order titled “Ushering in the Next Frontier of Quantum Innovation” sets fast-paced goals, calling on industry leaders to develop the world’s first quantum computer capable of powering advanced scientific research by 2028....